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Practical Electronics Design Handbook

Practical Electronics Handbook

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Practical Electronics Handbook

Component data books are often little more than collections of specifications with little or nothing in the way of explanation or application and, in many cases, with so much information crammed into a small space that the user has difficulty in selecting what is needed.

Although this document is not intended as a form of beginners’ guide to the whole of electronics, the beginner will find much of interest in the early chapters as a compact reminder of electronic principles and circuits. The constructor of electronic circuits and the service engineer should both find the data in this book of considerable assistance, and the professional design engineer will also find that the items brought together here include many that will be frequently useful and which would normally be available in collected form in much larger volumes.

CHAPTER 1

Resistors 1
Passive components 1
Resistors 2
Resistivity 3
Resistivity calculations 4
Resistor construction 7
Tolerances and E-series 9
Resistance value coding 10
Surface mounted resistors 13
Resistor characteristics 13
Dissipation and temperature rise 17
Variables and laws 18
Resistors in circuit 19
Kirchoff’s laws 20
The superposition theorem 21
Thevenin’s theorem 23
Thermistors 24
Variation of resistance with temperature 26

CHAPTER 2

Capacitors 29
Capacitance 29
The parallel-plate capacitor 29
Construction 31
Other capacitor characteristics 36
Energy and charge storage 39
Time constants 39
Reactance 43
CR circuits 45

CHAPTER 3

Inductive and Tuned Circuit Components 47
Inductors 47
Transformers 51
Signal-matching transformers 54
Mains transformers 57
Other transformer types 61
Surface-mounted inductors 62
Inductance calculations 64
Untuned transformers 67
Inductive reactance 68
LCR circuits 68
Coupled tuned circuits 73
Quartz crystals 76
Temperature effects 79
Wave filters 79

CHAPTER 4

Chemical Cells and Batteries 83
Introduction 83
Primary and secondary cells 84
Battery connections 85
Simple cell 87
The Leclanché cell 89
The alkaline primary cells 92
Miniature (button) cells 94
Lithium cells 95
Secondary cells 99
Nickel–cadmium cells 104
Lithium-ion rechargeable cells 107

CHAPTER 5

Active Discrete Components 111
Diodes 111
Varactor diodes 115
Schottky diodes 116
LEDs 116
Photodiodes 117
Transient voltage suppressors (TVS) 120
Typical diode circuits 122
Transistors 122
Bias for linear amplifiers 128
Transistor parameters and linear
amplifier gain 132
Transistor packaging 136
Noise 137
Voltage gain 137
Other bipolar transistor types 138
Darlington pair circuit 139
Field-effect transistors 139
FET handling problems 143
Negative feedback 144
Heatsinks 148
Switching circuits 150
Other switching devices 154
Diode and transistor coding 160

CHAPTER 6

Linear ICs 163
Overview 163
The 741 op-amp 165
Gain and bandwidth 165
Offset 166
Bias methods 167
Basic circuits 168
General notes on op-amp circuits 171
Modern op-amps 172
Other operational amplifier circuits 173
Current differencing amplifiers 176
Other linear amplifier ICs 176
Phase-locked loops 180
Waveform generators 183
Active and switched capacitor filters 185
Voltage regulator ICs 189
Adjustable regulator circuits 191
The 555 timer 193

CHAPTER 7

Familiar Linear Circuits 197
Overview 197
Discrete transistor circuits 197
Audio circuits 202
Simple active filters 204
Circuits for audio output stages 207
Class D amplifiers 211
Wideband voltage amplification circuits 214
Sine wave and other oscillator circuits 216
Other crystal oscillators 217
Astable, monostable and bistable circuits 223
Radio-frequency circuits 226
Modulation circuits 230
Optical circuits 232
Linear power supply circuits 233
Switch-mode power supplies 236

CHAPTER 8

Sensors and Transducers 243
Introduction 243
Strain and pressure 244
Direction and motion 246
Light, UV and IR radiation 251
Temperature 255
Sound 260

CHAPTER 9

Digital Logic 265
Introduction 265
Logic families 269
Other logic families 273
Combinational logic 274
Number bases 276
Sequential logic 277
Counters and dividers 283

CHAPTER 10

Programmable Devices 289
Memory 289
Read-only memory (ROM) 290
Programmable read-only memory (PROM) 291
Volatile memory (RAM) 294
Programmable logic 296
Complex programmable logic
devices (CPLD) 299
Field programmable gate array (FPGA) 300
Hardware description language (HDL) 301
Other programmable devices 302
Other applications of memory devices 303
Useful websites 305

CHAPTER 11

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 307
Introduction 307
Binary stored program computers 308
Von Neumann and Harvard architecture 311
Microprocessor systems 314
Power-up reset and program execution 317
Programming 318
The ARM processor 320
Developing microprocessor hardware 322
Electromagnetic compatibility 325
Microcontroller manufacturers 325

CHAPTER 12

Microprocessor Interfacing 327
Output circuits 327
Display devices 327
Light-emitting diode (LED) displays 327
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 332
Input circuits 338
Switches 338

CHAPTER 13

Data Converters 343
Introduction 343
Digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) 344
Digital potentiometer 345
Binary weighted resistor converter 345
The R2R ladder 347
Charge distribution DAC 348
Pulse width modulator 349
Reconstruction filter 350
Analogue-to-digital converters 351
Resolution and quantization 352
Sampling 356
Aliasing 356
Successive approximation
analogue-to-digital converter 358
Sigma–delta ADC (over sampling
or bitstream converter) 360
Dual-slope ADC 361
Voltage references for analogue-to-digital
converters 362
PCB layout 363
Connecting a serial ADC to a PC 363
Useful websites 367

CHAPTER 14

Transferring Digital Data 369
Introduction 369
Parallel transfer 370
IEEE 1284 Centronics printer interface 371
The IEEE-488 bus 374
Serial transfer 379
EIA/TIA 232E serial interface 379
RS-422/RS-485 387
Wireless links 390
Infra-red 390
Audio frequency signalling 391
Base-band signalling 391
Error detection and correction 396
Useful websites 398

CHAPTER 15

Microcontroller Applications 399
Introduction 399
Configuration 401
Clock 401
Internal RC oscillator 402
Watchdog and sleep 404
Power-up reset 405
Setting up I/O ports 407
Integrated peripherals 410
Counter timer 410
Pulse width modulator 411
Serial interfaces 412
UART/USART 412
SPI/I2C Bus 413
Interrupts 419
Implementing serial output in software 420
Converting binary data to ASCII hex 422
Useful websites 424

CHAPTER 16

Digital Signal Processing 425
Introduction 425
Low-pass and high-pass filters 426
Finite impulse response (FIR) filters 431
Quantization 432
Saturated arithmetic 432
Truncation 433
Bandpass and notch filters 434
Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters 434
Other applications 436
Design tools 437
Further reading 438

CHAPTER 17

Computer Aids to Circuit Design 439
Introduction 439
Schematic capture 440
Libraries 441
Connections 446
Net names 447
Virtual wiring 448
Net lists 451
Printing 454
Simulation 455
Analysis 456
DC Analysis 457
Temperature sweep 459
AC Analysis 461
Transient analysis 462
PCB layout 467
Design rules 472
Gerber and NC drill file checking 477
Desktop routing machines 477
Useful websites 479

CHAPTER 18

Connectors, Prototyping and Mechanical Construction 481
Hardware 481
Video connectors 486
Audio connectors 487
Control knobs and switches 492
Switches 493
Cabinets and cases 496
Handling 497
Heat dissipation 500
Constructing circuits 501
Soldering and unsoldering 508
Desoldering 512
Other soldering tools 514

CHAPTER 19

Testing and Troubleshooting 517
Introduction 517
Test equipment 517
Test leads 517
Power supplies and battery packs 518
Digital multimeters 519
LCR meter 522
Oscilloscope 522
Signal generator 526
Temperature testing 527
Mains work 527
Testing 529
Further reading 530

Appendix A Standard Metric Wire Table 531
Appendix B Arithmatic and Logic Instructions Table 533
Appendix C Hex record formats 537
Appendix D Gerber data format 543
Appendix E Pinout information links 553
Appendix F SMT packages and guides 555
Index 557