Basic Electrical Engineering, SI Units

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Basic Electrical Engineering, SI Units

Basic Electrical Engineering, SI Units
807 Psges
B.L. Therraja

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1. Electric Current and Ohm's Law 1-47 Electron Drift Velocity-Charge Velocity and Velocity of Field Propagation-The Idea of Electric Potential-Resistance-Unit of Resistance-Law of Resistance-Units of Resistivity- Conductance and Conductivity-Effect of Temperature on Resistance-Temperature Coefficient of Resistance-Value of a at Different Temperatures-Variation of Resistivity with Temperature-Ohm's Law-Resistance in Series-Voltage Divider Rule-Resistance in ParalleJ-Types of Resistors-Nonlinear Resistors-Varistor-Short and Open Circuits- 'Shorts' in a Series Circuit-'Opens' in Series Circuit-'Open's in a Parallel Circuit- 'Shorts' in Parallel Circuits-Division of Current in Parallel Circuits-Equivalent Resistance- Duality Between Series and Parallel Circuits-Relative Potential-Voltage Divider Circuits-Objective Tests.

2. DC Network Theorems 48-167
Electric Circuits and Network Theorems-Kirchhoff's Laws-Determination of Voltage Sign-Assumed Direction of Current-Solving Simultaneous Equations-Determinants- Solving Equations with Two Unknowns-Solving Equations With Three Unknowns-Independent and Dependent Sources -Maxwell's Loop Current Method-Mesh Analysis Using Matrix Form-Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources-Nodal Analysis with Current Sources- Source Conversion-Ideal Constant-Voltage Source-Ideal Constant-Current Source-Superposition Theorem- Thevenin Theorem-How to Thevenize a Given Circuit ?-General Instructions for Finding Thevenin Equivalent Circuit-Reciprocity Theorem-Delta/Star Transformation-StarlDelta Transformation-Compensation Theorem-Norton' s Theorem- How to Nortanize a Given Circuit ?-General Instructions for Finding Norton Equivalent Circuit-Millman's Theorem-Generalised Form of Millman's Theorem-Maximum Power Transfer Theorem-Power Transfer Efficiency-Objective Tests.

3. Work, Power and Energy n. 168-179 Effect of Electric Current-Joule's Law of Electric Heating-Thermal Efficiency-S-I. Units-Calculation of Kilo-watt Power of a Hydroelectric Station-Objective Tests.

4. Electrostatics 180-200
Static Electricity-Absolute and Relative Permittivity of a Medium-Laws of Electrostatics- Electric Field-Electrostatic Induction-Electric Flux and Faraday Tubes-Field Strength or Field Intensity or Electric Intensity (E)-Electric Flux Density or Electric Displacement D-Gauss Law-The Equations of Poisson and Laplace-Electric Potential and Energy-Potential and Potential Difference-Potential at a Point-Potential of a Charged Sphere-Equipotential Surfaces-Potential and Electric Intensity Inside a Conducting Sphere- Potential Gradient-Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength-Safety Factor of Dielectric- Boundary Conditions-Objective Tests.

5. Capacitance ... 201-240 Capacitor-Capacitance-Capacitance of an Isolated Sphere-Spherical Capacitor - Parallel- plate Capacitor-Special Cases of Parallel-plate Capacitor-Multiple and Variable Capacitors-Cylindrical Capacitor-Potential Gradient in Cylindrical Capacitor-Capacitance Between two Parallel Wires-Capacitors in Series-Capacitors in Parallel-Cylindrical Capacitor with Compound Dielectric-Insulation Resistance of a Cable Capacitor- Energy Stored in a Capacitor-Force of Attraction Between Oppositely-charged Plates- Current-Voltage Relationships in a Capacitor-Charging of a Capacitor-Time Constant- Discharging of a Capacitor-Transient Relations during Capacitor Charging Cycle-Transient Relations during Capacitor Discharging Cycle-Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor with Initial Charge-Objective Tests.

6. Magnetism and Electromagnetism ... 241-278 Absolute and Relative Permeabilities of a Medium-Laws of Magnetic Force-Magnetic Field Strength (H)-Magnetic Potential-Flux per Unit Pole-Flux Density (B)-Absolute Parmeability 0.1)and Relative Permeability (J.l)-Intensity of Magnetisation (I)-Susceptibility (K)-Relation Between B, H, I and K-Boundary Conditions-Weber and Ewing's Molecular Theory-Curie Point. Force on a Current-carrying Conductor Lying in a Magnetic Field-Ampere's Work Law or Ampere's Circuital Law-Biot-Savart Law-Application of Biot-Savart Law-Force Between two Parallel Conductors-Magnitude of Mutual Force- Definition of Ampere-Magnetic Circuit-Definitions-Composite Series Magnetic Circuit- How to Find Ampere-turns ?-Comparison Between Magnetic and Electric Circuits- Parallel Magnetic Circuits-Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits-Leakage Flux and Hopkinson's Leakage Coefficient-Magnetisation Curves-Magnetisation curves by Ballistic Galvanometer- Magnetisation Curves by FIuxmete-Objective Tests.

7. Electromagnetic Induction ... 279-297 Relation Between Magnetism and Electricity-Production of Induced E.M.F. and Current- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction-Direction of Induced E.M.F. and Current- Lenz's Law-Induced E.M.F.-Dynamically-induced E.M.F.-Statically-induced E.M.F.- Self-Inductance-Coefficient of Self-Inductance (L)-Mutual Inductance-Coefficient of Mutual Inductance (M)-Coefficient of Coupling-Inductances in Series-Inductances in Parallel-Objective Tests.

8. Magnetic Hysteresis ... 298-318 Magnetic Hysteresis_Area of Hysteresis Loop-Properties and Application of Ferromagnetic Materials-Permanent Magnet Materials-Steinmetz Hysteresis Law-Energy Stored in Magnetic Field-Rate of Change of Stored Energy-Energy Stored per Unit Volume- Lifting Power of Magnet-Rise of Current in Inductive Circuit-Decay of Current in Inductive Circuit-Details of Transient Current Rise in R-L Circuit-Details of Transient Current Decay in R-L Circuit-Automobile Ignition System-Objective Tests.9. Electrochemical Power Sources ... 319-351

Faraday's Laws of electrolysis-Polarisation or Back e.m.f.-Value of Back e.m.f.-:- Primary and Secondary Batteries-Classification of Secondary Batteries base on their Use- Classification of Lead Storage Batteries-Parts of a Lead-acid Battery-Active Materials of Lead-acid Cells-Chemical. Changes-Formation of Plates of Lead-acid Cells-Plante Process-Structure of Plante Plates-Faure Process-Positive Pasted Plates-Negative Pasted Plates-Structure of Faure Plates-Comparison : Plante and Faure Plates-Internal Resistance and Capacity of a Cell-Two Efficiencies of the Cell-Electrical Characteristics of the Lead-acid Cell-Battery Ratings-Indications of a Fully-Charged Cell-Application of Lead-acid Batteries-Voltage Regulators-End-cell Control System-Number of Endcells- Charging Systems-Constant-current System-Constant-voltage System-Trickle Charging-Sulphation-Causes and Cure-Maintenance of Lead-acid Cells-Mains operated Battery Chargers-Car Battery Charger-Automobile Battery Charger-Static Uninterruptable Power Systems-Alkaline Batteries-Nickel-iron or Edison Batteries-Chemical Changes- Electrical Characteristics-Nickel-Cadmium Batteries-Chemical Changes--C;omparison : Lead-a~id and Edison Cells-Silver-zinc Batteries-High Temperature Batteries-Secondary Hybrid Cells-Fuel Cells-Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cells-Batteries for Aircraft- Batteries for Submarines-Objective Tests.

10. Electrical Instruments and Measurements .., 352-425
Absolute and Secondary Instruments-Electrical Principles of Operation-Essentials of Indicating Instruments-Deflecting Torque-Controlling Torque-Damping Torque-Moving- iron Ammeters and Voltmeters-Attraction Type-Repulsion Type-Sources of Error- Advantages and Disadvantages-Deflecting Torque in terms of Change in Self-induction- Extension of Range by Shunts and Multipliers-Moving-coil Instruments-Permanent Magnet Type Instruments-Advantages and Disadvantages-Extension of Range-Voltmeter Sensitivity-Multi-range Voltmeter-Electrodynamic or Dynamometer Type Instruments- Hot-wire Instruments- Magnification of the Expansion-Thermocouple Ammeter-Megger- Induction type Voltmeters and Ammeters-Induction Ammeters-Induction Voltmeter- Errors in Induction Instruments-Advantages and Disadvantages--Electrostatic Voltmeters- Attracted-disc Type Voltmeter-Quardant Type Voltmeter-Kelvin's Multicellular Voltmeter-Advantages and Limitation of Electrostatic Voltmeters-Range Extension of Electrostatic Voltmeters-W attmeters-Dynamometer Wattmeter-Wattmeter Errors-Induction. Wattmeters-Advantages and Limitations ofInduction Wattmeters-Energy Meters- Electrolytic Meter-Motor Meters-Errors in Motor Meters-Quantity or Ampere-hour Meters-Ampere-hour Me~ury Motor Meter-Friction Compensation-Mercury Meter Modified as Watt-hour Meter-Commutator Motor Meters-Induction Type Single-phase Watthour Meter-Errors in Induction Watthour Meters-Ballistic Galvanometer-Vibration Galvanometer- Vibrating-reed Frequency Meter-Electrodynamic Frequency Meter-Movingiron Frequency Meter-Electrodynamic Power Factor Meter-Moving-;iron Power Factor Meter-Nalder-Lipman Moving-iron Power Factor Meter-D.C. Potentiometer-Direct Reading Potentiometer-Standardising the Potentiometer-Calibration of Ammeters-Calibration of Voltmeters-A.C. Potentiometers-Drysdale Potentiometer-Gall Co-ordinate Potentiometer- Instrument Transformers-Ratio and Phase-angle Errors-Current Transformers-Theory of Current Transformer-Clip-on Type Current Transformer-Potential Transformers. Objective Tests.

11. A.C. Fundamentals ... 426-465
Generation of Alternating Voltages and Currents-Equations of the Alternating VoJtages and Currents-Alternate Method for the Equations of Alternating Voltages and currents- Simple Waveforms-Complex Waveforms-Cycle- Time-Period-Frequency-Amplitude- Different Forms of E.M.F. Equation-Phase-Phase Difference-Root Mean Square (R.M.S.) Value-Mid-ordinate Method-Analytical Method-R.M.S. Value of a Complex Wave- Average Value-Form Factor-Crest or Peak Factor-R.M.S. Value of H.W. Rectified A.C.-Average Value-Form Factor of H.W. Rectified -Representation of Alternating Quantities-Vector Diagrams Using R.M.S. Values-Vector Diagrams of Sine Waves of Same Frequency-Addition of Two Alternating Quantities-Addition and Subtraction of Vectors-A.C. Through Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance-A.C. through Pure Ohmic Resistance alone-A.C. through Pure Inductance alone-Complex Voltage Applied to Pure Inductance-A.C. through Capacitance alone Objective Tests.

12. Complex Numbers ... 466-474 Mathematical Representation of Vectors-Symbolic Notation-Significance of Operator j- Conjugate Complex Numbers-Trigonometrical Form. of Vector-Exponential Form of Vector-Polar Form of Vector Representation-Addition and Subtraction of Vector Quantities- Multiplication and Division of Vector Quantities-Power and Root of Vectors-The 120° Operator-Objective Tests.

13. Series A.C. Circuits ... 475-522
A.C. through Resistance and Inductance-Power Factor-Active and Reactive Components of Circuit Current-I-Active, Reactive and Apparent Power-Q-factor of a Coil-Power in an Iron-cored Chocking Coil-A.C. Through Resistance and Capacitance-Dielectric Loss and Power Factor of a Capacitor-Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in Series-Resonance in R-L-C Circuits-Graphical Representation of Resonance-Resonance Curve-Half-power Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit-Bandwidth B at any Off-resonance Frequency-Determination of Upper and Lower Half-Power Frequencies-Values of Edge Frequencies-Q-Factor of a Resonant Series Circuit-Circuit Current at Frequencies Other than Resonant Frequencies- Relation Between Resonant Power Po and Off-resonant Power P-Objective Test.

14. Parallel A.C. Circuits ... 523-562 Solving Parallel Circuits-Vector or Phasor Method-Admittance Method-Application of Admittance Method-Complex or Phasor Algebra-Series-Parallel Circuits-Series Equivalent of a Parallel Circuit-Parallel Equaivalent of a Series Circuit-Resonance in Parallel Circuits-Graphic Representation of Parallel Resonance-Points to Remember;-Bandwidth of a Parallel Resonant Circuit-Q-factor of a Parallel Circuit-Objective Tests.

15. A.C. Network Analysis 563-586 Introduction-Kirchhoffs Laws-Mesh Analysis-Nodal Analysis-Superposition Theorem- Thevenin's Theorem-Reciprocity Theorem-Norton's Theorem-Maximum Power Transfer Theorem-MiJlman's Theorem.

l6. A.C. Bridges ... 587-598 A.C. Bridges-Maxwell's Inductance Bridge-Maxwell-Wien Bridge-Anderson Bridge- Hay's Bridge-The Owen Bridge-Heaviside Compbell Equal Ratio Bridge-Capacitance Bridge-De Sauty Bridge-Schering Bridge-Wien Series Bridge-Wien Parallel Bridge- Objective Tests.

17. A.C. Filter Networks ... 599-610 Introduction-Applications-Different Types of Filters-Octaves and Decades of frequency- Decible System-Value of 1 dB-Low-Pass RC Filter-Other Types of Low-Pass Filters-Low-Pass RL Filter-High-Pass R C Filter-High Pass R L Filter-R-C Bandpass Filter-R-C Bandstop Filter-The-3 dB Frequencies-Roll-off of the Response Curve- Bandstop and Bandpass Resonant Filter Circuits-Series-and Parallel-Resonant Bandstop Filters-Parallel-Resonant Bandstop Filter-Series-Resonant Bandpass Filter-Parallel-Resonant Bandpass Filter-Objective Test.

18. Circle Diagrams ... 611-618 Circle Diagram of a Series Circuit-Rigorous Mathematical Treatment-Constant Resistance but Variable Reactance-Properties of Constant Reactance But Variable Resistance Circuit-Simple Transmission Line Circuit.

19. Polyphase Circuits ... 619-702
Generation of Polyphase Voltages-Phase Sequence-Phases Sequence At Load-Numbering of Phases-Interconnection of Three Phases-Star or Wye (Y) Connection-Values of Phase Currents-Voltages and Currents in Y-Connection-Delta (A) or Mesh Connection- Balanced Y/A and AIY Conversions-Star and Delta Connected Lighting Loads-Power Factor Improvement-Power Correction Equipment-Parallel" Loads-Power Measurement in 3-phase Circuits-Three Wattmeter Method-Two Wattmeter Method-Balanced or Unbalanced load-Two Wattmeter Method-Balanced Load-Variations in Wattmeter Readings- Leading Power Factor-Power Factor-Balanced Load-Balanced Load-LPF-Reactive Voltamperes with One Wattmeter-One Wattmeter Method-Copper Required for Transmitting Power Under Fixed Conditions-Double Subscript Notation-Unbalance~ Loads-Unbalanced A-connected Load-Four-wire Star-connected Unbalanced Load-Unbalanced
Y-connected Load Without Neutral-Millman' s Thereom-Application of Kirchhoff's Laws-Delta/Star and StarlDelta Conversions-Unbalanced Star-connected Non-inductive Load-Phase Sequence Indicators-Objective Tests.

20. Harmonics ... 703-724
Fundamental Wave and Harmonics-Different Complex Waveforms-General Equation of a Complex Wave-R.M.S. Value of a Complex Wave-Form Factor of a Copmplex Wave- . Power Supplied by a Complex Wave-Harmonics in Single-phase A.C Circuits-Selective Resonance Due to Harmonics-Effect of Harmonics on Measurement of Inductance and Capacitance-Harmonics in Different Three-phase Systems-Harmonics in Single and 3- Phase Transformers-Objective Tests.

21. Fourier Series ... 725-757 Harmonic Analysis-Periodic Functions-Trigonometric Fourier Series-Alternate Forms of Trigonometric Fourier Series-Certain Useful Integral Calculus Theorems-Evalulation of Fourier Constants-Different Types of Functional Symmetries-Line or Frequency Spectrum- Procedure for Finding the Fourier Series of a Given Function-Wave Analyzer- Spectrum Analyzer-Fourier Analyzer-Harmonic Synthesis-Objective Tests.

22. Transients ... 758-774 Introduction-Types of Transients-Important Differential Equations-Transients in R-L Circuits (D.C.),-Short Circuit Current-Time Constant-Transients in R-L Circuits (A.C.)-Transients in R-C Series Circuits (D.C.)-Transients in R-C Series Circuits (A.C)- Double Energy Transients-Objective Tests.

23. Symmetrical Components ... 775-791
Introduction-The Positive-sequence Components-The Negative-sequence Components- The Zero-sequence Components-Graphical Composition of Sequence Vectors-Evaluation of VAlor VI-Evaluation of VA2or V2-Evaluation VAOor vo-Zero Sequence Components of Current and Voltage-Unbalanced Star Load form Unbalanced Three-phase Three-Wire System-Unbalanced Star Load Supplied from Balanced Three-phase Three-wire System- Measurement of Symmetrical Components of Circuits-Measurement of Positive and Negativesequence Voltages-Measurement of Zero-sequence Component of Voltage---Objective Tests.

24. Introduction to Electrical Energy Generation ... 792-800 Preference for Electricity-Comparison of Sources of Power-Sources for Generation of Electricity-Brief Aspects of Electrical Energy Systems-Utility and Consumers-Why is the Three-phase a.c. system Most Popular?-Cost of Generation-Staggering of Loads during peak-demand Hours-Classifications of Power Transmission-Selecting A.C. Transmission Voltage for a Particular Case-Conventional Sources of Electrical Energy-Steam Power Stations (Coal-fired)-Nuclear Power Stations-Advantages of Nuclear Generation-Disadvantages- Hydroelectric Generation-Non-Conventional Energy Sources-Photo Voltaic Cells (P.V. Cells or SOLAR Cells)-Fuel Cells-Principle of Operation-Chemical Process (with Acidic Electrolyte)-Schematic Diagram-Array for Large outputs-High Lights- Wind Power-Background-Basic Scheme-Indian Scenario.